1: Trigger Phase

The trigger phase occurs when an individual is exposed to an event or stressor that initiates feelings of frustration, fear, or anxiety.

Behaviours:

• Signs of agitation, such as fidgeting or pacing.
• Verbal expressions of discomfort or dissatisfaction.
• Withdrawal from the situation.

De-escalation Strategies:

• Identify the Trigger: Observe and understand what is causing distress. Example: Noise levels, perceived unfairness, or unmet needs.
• Provide Support: Offer reassurance and address the trigger where possible.  Example: “I can see this is upsetting you. Let’s talk about it.”
• Create a Calming Environment: Reduce stimuli, such as loud noises or distractions.

2: Escalation Phase

During this phase, the individual’s emotions and behaviours intensify as they struggle to manage their response to the trigger.

Behaviours:

• Increased restlessness or agitation.
• Raising voice or using aggressive language.
• Non-verbal signs such as clenched fists or rapid breathing.

De-escalation Strategies:

• Stay Calm: Use a calm tone and maintain a non-threatening posture. Example: Keep your voice low and avoid sudden movements.
• Set Boundaries: Clearly and respectfully communicate expectations.  Example: “I need you to lower your voice so we can resolve this together.”
• Redirect Focus: Introduce a distraction or alternative task. Example: “Can we step outside for some fresh air while we discuss this?”

3: Crisis Phase

In the crisis phase, the individual may lose control, exhibiting aggressive or violent behaviour. This is the peak of the assault cycle.

Behaviours:

• Physical aggression (e.g., hitting, throwing objects).
• Verbal threats or shouting.
• Extreme emotional outbursts.

De-escalation Strategies:

• Prioritise Safety: Ensure the safety of everyone involved by creating space and, if necessary, removing others from the area.
• Avoid Confrontation: Do not argue, challenge, or escalate the situation further.
• Use Non-Physical Interventions: Maintain a safe distance and use verbal techniques to calm the individual. Example: “I’m here to help. Let’s find a way to make this better.”
• Call for Assistance: If the situation becomes dangerous, seek help from colleagues or emergency services.

4: Recovery Phase

After the crisis, the individual begins to regain control of their emotions and behaviour.

Behaviours:

• Physical exhaustion or withdrawal.
• Reduced aggression but lingering tension.
• Reluctance to engage in conversation.

De-escalation Strategies:

• Provide Space: Allow the individual time to calm down without feeling pressured. Example: “Take your time—I’m here when you’re ready to talk.”
• Monitor Their Well-Being: Check for any physical or emotional harm they may have experienced during the crisis.
• Avoid Blame: Focus on moving forward rather than criticising past behaviour.

5: Post-Crisis Depression Phase

The post-crisis phase involves reflecting on what happened and working to prevent similar incidents in the future.

Behaviours:

• Feelings of guilt, shame, or regret.
• Willingness to discuss the incident and explore solutions.
• Return to baseline behaviour.

De-escalation Strategies:

• Debrief with the Individual: Discuss the incident calmly and identify triggers or stressors.  Example: “Can we talk about what happened and how we can handle it differently next time?”
• Develop a Plan: Create strategies to prevent future escalation, such as coping techniques or changes to routines.
• Reflect as a Team: Review the incident with colleagues to identify lessons learned and improve intervention practices.

Summary of the Assault Cycle